Should You Use Nitrogen In Your Tires? Experts Weigh In

I have a confession: I am a tire snob. With almost 60 years in the “car wars” as a master technician and vocational educator, there are three safety systems on any car I work on (especially my own) where I refuse to compromise: brakes, steering and suspension, and tires.

When the tires on my SUV began to dry rot, the tire manufacturer replaced them under warranty. The tire shop where I took my SUV to have the tires replaced suggested filling the new tires with nitrogen to help prevent further dry rot. I figured it was an “upsell” (as were the new tire valves, plus the “hard sell” for the road hazard warranty), but since I was getting four new tires for free, I let them do it for the $30 fee.

Unfortunately, over the next four years, my SUV was driven very little. The replacement tires, with tread that was almost brand new, developed a nasty case of dry rot—again replaced under warranty. In my case, the nitrogen didn’t help. So, how do you decide whether to use nitrogen in your tires— is it ever worth it? Read along as experts in the field separate myth from fact on using nitrogen in your tires

Benefits of Nitrogen

The selling points are fairly straightforward: nitrogen-inflated tires maintain steady air pressure even during seasonal temperature fluctuations, improve fuel economy, extend tire life, and enhance driving safety. “Nitrogen molecules are larger than oxygen molecules, so in theory, the larger nitrogen molecules are supposed to leak more slowly,” says Jim DeLeo, of Hunter Engineering Company. “Nitrogen also does not contain moisture, which supposedly reduces corrosion and oxidation inside the tire and wheel.”

What Does the Science Say?

“Nitrogen used in service garages, as is regular shop compressed air, is usually filtered and dry, but still in regular driving, the difference [in overall tire performance] is very slight,” says William Fletcher from car.com.uk.

Scientific testing from multiple sources shows that the benefits of tires inflated with nitrogen may be real but negligible:

• Consumer Reports conducted a 12-month test of 31 nitrogen‑filled tires. Those tires lost 2.2 psi, while traditional air‑filled tires lost 3.5 psi, a difference of just 1.3 psi over an entire year. Consumer Reports added, “Our test showed that while nitrogen has some advantages, both nitrogen and air-filled tires lose pressure over time. It is important that car owners routinely check their tire pressure.”
• The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA) tests found that nitrogen slows pressure loss slightly, while also reducing oxidation; however, this reduction is not enough to affect real-world tire life or rolling resistance. The report asserted, “Even slight contamination of the tire inflation gas with compressed atmospheric air during normal inflation pressure maintenance may negate the benefits of using nitrogen.”
• AAA testing noted that nitrogen-filled tires did not eliminate temperature‑related pressure changes and didn’t make tires maintenance‑free. According to AAA, “Since nitrogen does not completely eliminate temperature-related pressure changes under normal driving conditions, it is of little benefit to vehicle owners who properly maintain their tires.”
• “If you understand that air is already 78 percent nitrogen, and it’s virtually impossible to evacuate all of the air from a tire assembly. That makes it impractical to try filling a tire with 100 percent pure nitrogen,” said DeLeo. “Mixing air and nitrogen is safe, it just reduces the nitrogen’s purity and any of the small benefits that may come with it. DeLeo added that when it comes to dry rot, “Nitrogen protects the inside of a tire. A tire’s outside is exposed to heat, cold, UV rays, and Ozone that cause rubber to degrade.” Other causes of dry rot include harsh tire and wheel cleaning chemicals, road salts or a car sitting idle for an extended period without being moved.

When Nitrogen Makes Sense

Racing cars have used nitrogen-filled tires for years, primarily due to stability during extreme temperature swings and because nitrogen doesn’t support moisture or combustion. Many commercial fleets also use nitrogen-filled tires. While an individual driver normally sees minimal economic gain when using nitrogen-filled tires, the savings can be significant when multiplied across hundreds of vehicles.

Of course, if you never bother to check your tire’s air pressure or wait until the tire pressure light comes on, then going with nitrogen-filled tires would make sense.

When Nitrogen Probably Isn’t Worth It

If you use regular air and you check your tire pressure monthly, nitrogen usually doesn’t justify the cost. The total air pressure loss difference is insignificant. In addition:

• All the tests show nitrogen did not substantially improve fuel economy when pressures are properly maintained.
• Nitrogen does not prevent punctures, major leaks or valve stem issues. In these situations, “both gases will leak equally,” says Fletcher.
• Nitrogen does not typically increase tire life under normal driving conditions.
• Online tire retailer, Tire Rack may have said it best, “Rather than pay extra for nitrogen, most drivers would be better off buying an accurate tire pressure gauge and checking and adjusting their tire pressures regularly.”

FAQ

How do I know if my tires can be filled with nitrogen?

“Any modern tubeless tire can be filled with nitrogen,” says DeLeo. Tires today are manufactured to exacting standards, making it more difficult for both nitrogen and air to seep through microscopic spaces that exist between a tire’s rubber molecules than in previous tire generations. If you want to switch to nitrogen, your shop must purge (inflate, then deflate) the tires with nitrogen several times to reach a purity level of 95 percent or greater. Although not required, install green valve stem caps (with N2 logo), which indicate that your tires are filled with nitrogen.

Is nitrogen environmentally better?

No, not really. Our breathable air already contains 78 percent nitrogen and is an essential necessity for all life on earth. Additionally, nitrogen as a fertilizer plays a crucial role in farming and agricultural production. However, nitrogen oxides (NOX) is an environmentally damaging tailpipe emission and a major contributor to air pollution, increasing health risks. “Properly inflated tires can increase fuel economy, reducing emissions (smog) over time,” says Fletcher, which can help the environment.

Experts

• Jim DeLeo is the Northeast Division Manager for Hunter Engineering Company.
• William Fletcher MBE (Order of the British Empire) is the CEO of Car.co.uk a UK-based online car-selling and automotive services platform.

Resources

• AAA Automotive: “Top 4 Myths Vs Facts About Using Nitrogen To Inflate Car Tires“
• Biology Insights: “Is Nitrogen Good or Bad for the Environment and Your Health?“
• Car Buzz: “Nitrogen In Tires: Understanding The Benefits“
• Consumer Reports: “Should You Use Nitrogen in Your Car Tires?“
• NHTSA: “Use of Nitrogen Gas in Tires“
• Tire Rack: “Should I Use Nitrogen In My Tires?”

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How To Navigate Highway Signs Without a GPS

When I first started driving over 55 years ago, GPS (The Global Positioning System) was something out of science fiction. To get from point “A” to “B,” you would keep a road atlas, gas stations would give away road maps, and AAA would have its time-honored paper “TripTik” planner (complete with maps). TripTiks provided a simple and easy method to track your route and trip progress. Or you would call wherever you were heading to get directions, then stop at a gas station for guidance once you were close.

Today, GPS, cell phones, online route planning services, and platforms such as On-Star offer “turn-by-turn” navigation/directions. These adaptive technologies help drivers reduce the possibility of missing an exit or taking a wrong turn along their route, reducing anxiety. But if you’re off the beaten track and these technologies become unreliable — or you just want to navigate by following highway signs — read on as traffic law experts and a CDL (Commercial Driver’s License) program coordinator help you understand how to navigate highway signs without a GPS.

A Brief History of Highway Naming Systems

Naturally, the number of local streets, roads and highways increased as automobiles became more popular. But they weren’t always numbered and named consistently. Road names would change from state to state, making it challenging when traveling across state lines or across the country, explains Jason Reese from the Wagner Reese law firm. “For example, the Lincoln Highway can become the Jefferson Highway at a state border. Drivers can become confused, leading to navigational errors, which can cause serious accidents,” he says.

In the ’20s, the modern highway system was introduced. Black and white road signs with a nationally adopted standardized numbering system supported a more logical way to plan long-distance road travel. In 1956, President Eisenhower signed the Federal Aid Highway Act, which became the interstate highway system we know today, featuring those familiar red, white, and blue route signs.

How Interstates Are Numbered

Highway numbers are not randomly assigned. According to Joshua Branch, an attorney at The Law Offices of Joshua W. Branch LLC., “Routes that run east to west are even-numbered (I-80, for example, goes from Teaneck, N.J., to San Francisco, CA.). Numbers in the southern regions are lower. Branch added, “North to south routes are odd-numbered (I-35 runs from Laredo, Texas to Duluth, Minnesota) with the lower numbers starting in the west.” Major interstate routes mostly end in “0” or “5.” Consistent numbering of the interstate highway system provides a quick way for drivers to gain a general sense of direction.

Auxiliary (3-Digit) Interstates

Three-digit interstate numbers indicate the route’s direction (how it travels).

• A ‘loop’ begins with an even number (for example, I-465) and ‘loops’ around, but does not fully circle a city, then reconnects to the original (parent) two-digit route (I-65).
• A ‘beltway‘ (for example, I-495) follows the same numbering routine as a loop but completely circles a city or metropolitan area before reconnecting to the parent road (I-95).
• A ‘spur‘ road begins with an odd number (for example, I-165) “that goes directly to a city’s downtown region or airport but does not reconnect to the parent road,” says Reese.

“I’ve done cases where someone made an unsafe lane change at the last minute to ‘get back on course,’ which confused them and caused a crash,” Reese adds. When driving on unfamiliar roads or highways, being aware of this numbering system can help you avoid getting caught in the wrong lane, especially during times of heavy traffic.

State Highways and Regional Naming Conventions

State highways (which are different from the interstate highway system) are planned, paid for, and maintained by individual states. Based on each state’s unique transportation traditions and history, most states developed their own naming and numbering conventions long before national standards or the Interstate Highway System existed.

Because there is no national coordination for state-level numbering, some states reuse road names and numbers already used by neighboring states. This is why a road number or name in one state can mean something very different in another state. Branch explained, “Each state likely has its own numbering patterns, either sequentially or [similar to the interstate numbering system] by geographic position” (low numbers in the southern part of the state, higher numbers in the north). Other conventions include:

• Northeastern states commonly use the prefix “Route” or “SR” for state routes.
• States in the central part of the country frequently use the first initial of their state name: “K” for Kansas or “M” for Michigan’s route names or numbers.
• Western states regularly use prefixes “SR” for state routes or “SH” for state highways.

Using Highway Numbering to Navigate

“Understanding the highway numbering system helps the driver go in the direction that they are supposed to go,” said Andre K. The, a truck driving instructor from Pensacola State College. “It’s critical to be aware of, understand and read all road signs carefully.”

Common road signage includes:

• Red, white and blue shield-shaped interstate highway signs.
• Black and white U.S. highway signs.
• Green directional informational signs show exit and exit numbers, distances to exits, other roads or attractions, city names, route names or numbers, as well as directional arrows for greater clarity, which helps when driving on unfamiliar county routes, parkways, or even lettered highways.
• Green, or black and white (depending on whether it’s an interstate or state highway or road) mile markers show the distance between state borders. They are also useful for tracking progress and verifying speedometer calibration (at 60 MPH, it takes one minute to go one mile).
• Driving at night or in inclement weather significantly reduces visibility. Slow down on unfamiliar roads and look for reflective signs and mile markers.

FAQ

What are the most reliable non-GPS navigation tools?

Back in the day (pre-GPS), paper maps and or compass worked just fine, offered security, and still do. But in reality, you are the most reliable non-GPS navigation tool. Practice situational awareness by connecting with and utilizing the information your surroundings provide. Some cars have built-in compasses, which indicate where the sun rises (east) and sets (west). Look for landmarks, rivers, bridges or tall buildings. Read road signs closely—check shield colors, don’t confuse I-80 for US-80—most exit signs list nearby towns, junctions or interchanges. This can help you orient yourself. Stop at a gas station or rest stop to ask for directions. It would also be a good time to fill up in case you are really lost.

Are printed directions still useful?

Absolutely. As cliché as it may seem, you should always keep a map in your car. Your GPS can lose its signal, and if not regularly updated, can send you on a wild goose chase, or worse. Reese stated, “People have followed their GPS straight into lakes, onto train tracks, and even the wrong way down the highway. Hundreds of thousands of GPS-related accidents happen every year, and hundreds die from wrong-way driving incidents.”

Reese instructs students to trip plan using old-school methods, not modern technology. Analog tools like printed directions [and maps] let you be proactive and get ready for you trip. “Your GPS gives you information in pieces, keeping you dependent, reactive and distracted,” said Reese. Writing out (or printing) your directions and reviewing your entire route before your trip helps prepare for your drive and can keep you on course. Reduce distractions by only reviewing them at rest stops.

Experts

• Andre K. The has been the CDL Truck Driving Program Coordinator and instructor at Pensacola State College for the past eight years.
• Joshua W. Branch is an attorney, founder and managing partner at The Law Offices of Joshua W. Branch LLC.
• Jason Reese co-founded Wagner Reese, LLP in 2000.

Resources

• AAA: “TripTik Travel Planner“
• National Geographic: “Atlas“
• National Archives: Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library “Interstate Highway System“
• U.S. Dept. of Transportation Federal Highway Administration: “From Names to Numbers: The Origins of the U.S. Numbered Highway System“

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All Anyone Could Talk About After My Massive Kitchen Remodel Was This Gadget From Amazon

My wife and I left no stone unturned and no detail overlooked when we took on our full blown kitchen remodel. We literally took the heart of our home down to the studs and then spent months debating every single choice. Floor tile pattern, backsplash, cabinet style and color, appliances, countertops. You name it, we probably had a three-day discussion about it.

After living in a construction zone and eating way too much takeout, we were so excited to finally show off our new kitchen. And we got plenty of compliments on all the big stuff, which felt great. But there was one thing we never expected to get any attention at all. It was not the cabinets or the countertops we agonized over. The thing everyone kept talking about was this little gadget from Amazon.

A glass and bottle rinser that we installed where the old sink sprayer used to be.

Why We Love Our Bottle Rinser

Before we had it, rinsing bottles and tumblers was one of those everyday annoyances you just dealt with. Half the time, a brush would not fit. The dishwasher took too long. Hand washing meant awkward angles and hoping you actually got the inside clean.

Once the rinser was in, all of that instantly disappeared. You just press the bottle down on it, and it blasts everything clean. People saw it once and immediately wanted to try it.

The funny part is that this was not even our first one. We originally installed a bottle rinser in our previous home right before our first child was born, after hearing how useful they were for new parents. And it was great for bottles, but we had no idea how much we would end up using it for everything else. Any time we grabbed a glass from the pantry, we would give it a quick rinse. We used it on shaker lids, coffee mugs, travel cups, etc. It is one of those things you do not realize you rely on until you have one.

Our new kitchen faucet already had a pull-down sprayer, so the old sprayer hole was basically wasted space. Swapping it for something genuinely helpful felt like a win.

The install took around 15 to 20 minutes and that is coming from someone who is absolutely not a professional plumber. As long as you have enough room under the sink, you just mount the rinser, connect the little flexible hose to the faucet valve, test for leaks, tighten everything, and you are done. No special tools. No stress.

You can spend thousands on huge remodel features, but this inexpensive gadget is something you end up using constantly. It feels like a small luxury that fits right in with the trend of making kitchens more functional and efficient without going overboard.

It also makes an awesome gift. New parents, new homeowners, coffee lovers, and anyone who uses reusable bottles or glasses. It is practical, affordable, and surprisingly impressive. After all the work we put into our remodel, it still makes me laugh that this tiny gadget was the thing everyone talked about the most.

Via Merchant

KRAUS CleanMate Glass Rinser

$79.95 at Amazon

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12 Built-In Storage Ideas for Small Spaces

Kick Your Storage

Shallow, pullout toe-kick drawers and cabinets are great for storing flat objects like baking pans, pot lids and cleaning supplies. “To me, toe-kick space under kitchen and bathroom cabinets solves the largest single source of wasted space in most homes,” says Mike Bowman of Patio Productions.

Pro-tip: Use quality drawer slide hardware rated for at least 15 pounds. If you want to DIY this task, plan on under $40 for materials for each drawer.

Store it Under the Stairs

One space-saving built-in storage idea is to transform the area under your staircase with shelves, cabinets or drawers. The space then becomes ideal for stashing everything from shoes, cleaning supplies and seasonal items, to displaying a wine rack and even serving as a pet nook.

“Pull-out drawers or sliding shelves increase reach and prevent lost items,” says Jason Rowe of Hello Electrical. “Also, reinforce panels for heavy loads.” Depending on the configuration, this is a DIY job with minimal expense.

Install Slim Wall Shelves

Save floor space and increase storage with slim wall shelves and floating cabinets. The ones pictured above were designed by Rowe. When deciding what to place on the shelves, less is more, says professional organizer Julia Goldberg.

“Having too many small things on shelving creates visual clutter,” she says. “If you have a shelf that needs to hold a lot of smaller items, consider using a basket, which gives one thing for your eye to settle on, versus lots of little things.”

Create a Vertical Wellness Nook

Transform dead space on a narrow wall or in a corner into a mindful mini-sanctuary. These vertical wellness nooks visually cue your brain to stop and center yourself, says Watts. Try a floating shelf with a candle or journal, a yoga mat rolled up vertically or hooks for hanging meditation beads or resistance bands.

“The most important aspect is to be minimalist,” she says. “The vertical wellness nook needs to remain uncluttered so that it doesn’t distract from the space’s ability to help declutter your mind, not just the floor.”

Build Into the Pantry

Replace that wire shelving in the pantry with a custom and purposeful built-in. Designate zones for your most-used items, such as coffee, baking supplies and snacks. “Adding an outlet and countertop space also gives you a place to use or store appliances, like the toaster, coffee machine or blender, freeing up valuable kitchen counter space,” says professional organizer Marta Parfan.

Pro-tip: Use painted MDF or melamine for a budget build, or add a real wood or stone countertop for a high-end splash.

Add Storage Under Seating

Seek out double-duty furniture. For example, “An ottoman that opens for storage, or a coffee table with drawers, are ways to keep your essentials hidden but still take advantage of more living area,” says Shaun Martin of We Buy Houses. You can even build your own storage ottoman in a single day.

Also, think about creating space for gardening tools, sports gear or barbecue supplies by expanding this idea to include outdoor benches with storage inside.

Use Dead Space in the Bathroom

Transforming that area under the sink is a nifty built-in storage idea. “The under-sink cabinet is usually chaos wrapped around plumbing, but a U-shaped pull-out makes the space intentional,” says Ditzler.

Chances are, there is also empty space above your toilet, in between the shower and the sink and above the door. A medicine cabinet built into the stud cavity of the wall is especially useful in small bathrooms. You can buy storage solutions for your bathroom, too, like a cabinet that goes over the toilet to increase storage space.

Maximize Attic Space

Finishing an attic is a great way to add an extra bedroom or an office to your home. But even if your attic isn’t well-suited for that, you should still utilize it for the storage space. “Built-in shelves in attics keep bins neat and make it easier to grab what you need without having to dig through or shuffle boxes around,” says Parks.

Pro-tip: Use matching bins and labels to make the shelves look and feel more organized.

Use Under-Bed Storage

There’s an enormous amount of space under most beds, just waiting to be tapped into. Some handy ideas for claiming it include drawers, rolling bins, vacuum-sealed bags and even old suitcases. “Under-bed storage is a game-changer for those with a shoebox-sized closet,” says Zack Moorin of Zack Buys Houses. “This easily-forgotten space is perfect for stashing out-of-season clothes, shoes and extra bedding.” As an added bonus, turning the area into storage also helps cut down on the dust bunnies that collect there.

Build Bunk Beds

Bunk beds are an excellent built-in storage idea for freeing up floor space, especially in kids’ rooms. Depending on how you build them, you can create clever extra shelving within the structure, too, on the side or set into the wall behind the pillows. A woodworker should also be able to incorporate a couple of roomy drawers beneath the bottom bunk to make even more use of the space.

Customize Your Kitchen Cabinets for Storage

Create cabinets that have a rich inner life by carefully thinking about what you’ll use the storage for. Then, think about using cabinet organizers to maximize the space available. Even simple additions, like this pull-out wire basket, can help you organize your cabinets to cut down on clutter and make things easy to get out and put away. Also, check out these DIY projects to increase kitchen cabinet and drawer storage.

Add a Window Box

Window bench storage gives you more space for lounging around, plus an organizational boost. “Window benches are among the best built-ins for small rooms,” says professional organizer Olivia Parks. “They’re great for storing board games, blankets, pillows and kids’ toys.”

Maximize storage with lift-up tops (using soft-close hinges so they don’t slam), or use front drawers or baskets for quick access, says John Washer of Cabinets Plus. “There is a myth that these benches are costly, yet a simple MDF/ plywood construction with premade cushions can be less than $300.” You can also buy the foundations of them at IKEA (Sektion cabinets) or Semihandmade (Boxi model).

FAQ

What materials are best for built-in storage that needs to last?

Depending on your budget, solid choices include plywood, MDF, solid wood or high-quality laminate. “Plywood has an excellent weight-to-strength ratio, MDF gives a smooth surface that can be painted, and solid wood gives durability,” says John Washer of Cabinets Plus. “In cases where the area is very humid, such as bathrooms, moisture-resistant MDF or sealed plywood is the best.”

For durability and a feeling of wellness, Watts gravitates toward sustainable, natural building materials like solid wood or bamboo. “They offer longevity and will bring a grounding sense of stability to your home,” she says. “This is the complete opposite of plastics or inexpensive composite materials, which feel temporary and may disrupt the energy of your space.”

How do you clean and maintain built-in cabinets or shelves?

Periodically, dust them using a slightly damp, soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid harsh or abrasive cleaners that can damage surfaces. Keep slides and glides free of debris, and tighten hardware periodically. Using liners in high-use areas can also help. “If the built-ins are made from wood, apply a light coat of a natural furniture polish every six to twelve months to help protect the finish,” says Bowman.

About the Experts

• Meera Watts is founder of Siddhi Yoga and a Top 20 International Yoga Blogger.
• Tony Ditzler is president of ShelfGenie home organizing products and solutions.
• Mike Bowman is technical product manager and lead editor of Patio Productions.
• Jason Rowe is founder of Hello Electrical.
• Julia Goldberg is a professional organizer in Indiana with Love It and Label It.
• John Washer is founder and CEO of Cabinets Plus, a custom cabinets company in Orange County, California.
• Shaun Martin is owner of We Buy Houses in Denver, Colorado, and a home design enthusiast.
• Olivia Parks is a professional organizer in New Orleans, Louisiana, where she runs Nola Organizers.
• Marta Parfan is owner and professional organizer at Well Arranged Home, Inc., based in Calgary and Toronto.
• Zack Moorin is founder of Zack Buys Houses in Charlotte, North Carolina.

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Here’s What Those Black Dots On Your Microwave Door Are For

There are some kitchen appliances you probably use on a daily basis that you don’t think twice about including a toaster oven and microwave. Speaking of the latter, have you ever wondered what the black dots on your microwave’s door are for? If that thought has crossed your mind, then you’re not alone. The black dots on a microwave aren’t just decorative; they serve a functional purpose .

We spoke with a home expert about what the black dots on your microwave door are for and other important details you’ll want to keep in mind.

What Do the Black Dots on a Microwave Do?

The black dots on a microwave door serve two purposes in terms of design, functionality and safety.

They prevent microwaves from escaping.

The black dots on a microwave are there are a safety measure to prevent the microwaves from escaping the cavity. This works because the microwaves can’t pass through metal, hence why the whole contraption is enclosed by metal on four sides.

“The wavelength of a microwave is larger than the distance between the dots so the microwaves stay contained,” says Thomas Borcherding, owner and lead designer at Homestar Design Remodel.

Microwaves have a wavelength of approximately 12 centimeters and can’t pass the grid, so it goes back to reheating the food inside, whereas visible light is smaller and can penetrate through.

They allow you to see your food.

The black dots are actually smaller than microwave rays which keeps them contained while while simultaneously letting visible light go out so you can see your food as it heats up. This can be helpful for making sure you don’t burn it or watching to see if it explodes so you can take action.

Do All Microwaves Have the Black Dots?

Yes, all microwaves have the black dots on the door as it is a crucial safety feature. As mentioned above, the metal mesh ensures the radiation stays inside while still promoting interior visibility.

“Due to a microwave’s black dots, people are better protected from thermal burns that could happen if the microwaves were to escape and one was standing close by,” Borcherding says.

Not only do microwaves have these black dots, but also many conventional ovens also have similar dots on the doors for similar reasons. They help with insulation and protect the door from heat damage caused by extremely high temperatures.

Do the Black Dots Wear Off?

According to Borcherding, the black dots on a microwave can become damaged over time, although it’s not common with correct use. If damage is present, then the microwave door (or the unit as a whole) should be replaced for your own safety.

In many cases, leftover food residue caked onto the screen may create the appearance that the black dots are wearing off when the door just needs a good cleaning so you’ll want to investigate before purchasing a new microwave.

About the Experts

• Thomas Borcherding, owner and lead designer at Homestar Design Remodel.

Sources

• Maytag: Parts of a Microwave: Microwave Parts Diagram

• Tasting Table: The Reason Your Microwave Door Has A Mesh Grating

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Did You Know Most Zippers Have a Lock? Here’s How to Tell

What do zippers have in common with the Ferris Wheel, Cracker Jacks, Juicy Fruit gum and the first practical dishwasher? They were all introduced to the world at the 1893 Chicago Worlds’s Fair, which also showcased, among other technological advancements, Tesla’s AC electricity, which today powers electrical grids worldwide.

The first zippers weren’t locking zippers, and they weren’t even called zippers. The name didn’t happen until 1923, when the B.F. Goodrich Company began incorporating these “separate fasteners” or “clasp lockers” — as they were called then — into rubber rain boots. The company chose the name zipper as an onomatopoeia for the sound it makes, and the name stuck.

Locking zippers first appeared in 1937, when designers began incorporating them into clothing. A zipper on a pair of trousers or a dress must stay fastened until the user decides to unfasten it, so manufacturers built a simple locking mechanism into the pull tab. The zipper locks when the tab is flat against the teeth zipper. Learn more about how it works ahead.

Do Zippers Really Have Locks?

Yes, some do, and we’re not talking about the small padlocks travelers use to secure their suitcases. A locking zipper has a mechanism that prevents the slider from moving all by itself.

Not all zippers lock. The slider on one that doesn’t lock can move and open the zipper when you pull outward on the fabric to which the zipper is attached. This is a convenient feature for handbags, purses, tents, and other items that need to be opened quickly.

Locking zippers have sliders that won’t move when you do this. Anyone who wears clothing with zippers can appreciate this innovation.

A Zipper’s Locking Mechanism, Explained

Locking zippers come in two styles. One features a pin-lock slider and the other a spring-loaded automatic locking slider.

• Pin-lock sliders are commonly used on heavy-duty zippers for upholstery, bedding, heavy clothing, and some purses. Pins on the back of the pull-tab engage with the zipper teeth when the tab is lying flat. This prevents the slider from moving until you lift the tab and disengage the pins.
• Automatic locking sliders are typically found on zippers for pants, dresses, and other garments, as well as on jackets, sportswear and some furniture. Instead of a pin, an auto-lock slider has a spring that presses it against the zipper teeth. To open the zipper, you have to lift the tab and pull on it to disengage the spring, allowing the slider to move.

In both cases, the zipper locks only when the pull tab is lying flat against the zipper in the down position. If you’re frustrated because the zipper on your clothing opens all by itself, the reason could be that the tab isn’t all the way down.

How to Know If Your Zipper Has a Lock

You can often identify a locking zipper by looking for pins on the underside of the pull tab. You won’t see pins if the zipper has an auto-lock slider, though, so here are two simple ways to test for a locking zipper:

1. Pull on the fabric on either side of the zipper. If the slider moves, it isn’t a locking zipper.
2. Grasp the slider, but leave the pull tab down, and try to open or close the zipper. If it’s a locking zipper, the slider won’t move until you lift the pull tab.

Pro tip: If you’ve lost the tab on your jacket zipper (which I know from experience can actually happen), and you can’t get the zipper to open or close, it probably has an auto-lock slider. You need the tab to disengage the spring in the slider, and since you don’t have one, you’ve got your work cut out. Pliers might come in handy.

Sources

• Smithsonian Libraries and Archives: The Up and Down History of the Zipper; (2010)
• YKK: The Difference Between Pin Lock Sliders and Auto Lock Sliders for Zippers; (2022)

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If You See YKK on Your Zipper, Here’s What It Means

Whether you’re examining your zipper to fix it, you’re curious, or you’re inspecting the garment it’s on, you may have noticed that many of the zippers around you have lettering stamped on them. One of the most common stamps is YKK, but what does it mean to see that on your zipper? We looked into its history to find out for you.

Once you know the answer, you’ll be set for whatever crossword puzzles or trivia quizzes include it, and you can guide your team to victory. If you aren’t puzzle inclined, you can keep this knowledge in your back pocket for the next time you have some kind of zipper emergency.

What Does YKK Stand For?

YKK is a zipper manufacturing company. It was founded in Japan in 1934 by Tadao Yoshida. It was originally called Yoshida Kogyo Kabushikikaisha, which “translates roughly into English as ‘Yoshida Company Limited.'” Over time, however, it eventually got abbreviated to YKK. The company stamped those letters “onto the zippers’ pull tabs, and thus YKK became known as the Company’s trademark.”

According to the YKK’s website, people ask what the letters mean quite a bit. In fact, it’s the first question answered on their FAQ page.

What Does the YKK Stamp Mean on My Zipper?

Many clothing companies prefer to have their branding prominently displayed across their garments. So, it’s a fair guess that that’s what the YKK means. But the YKK stamp on your zipper has nothing to do with the clothing brand at all. In short, if your zipper reads ‘YKK,’ that means it’s made by the Yoshida Kogyo Kabushikikaisha Company. They aren’t the only zipper manufacturer out there. However, they are one of the bigger ones. So it’s not at all uncommon to come across a YKK zipper in your everyday life.

Where Else Might I  See YKK Stamped?

YKK has grown since 1934, and while it is primarily a fastener manufacturer, it does not limit its products to just zippers. In addition to zippers, YKK also produces “other fastening products-like snaps & buttons, textiles and plastics, hook & loop self-closing tape fastening systems, webbings, and metal and plastic notions and buckles.” And as if that doesn’t cover enough, “YKK also produces aluminium building products-like window and entrance systems for low, medium, and high rise applications.” Chances are you’ve come across their products quite a bit in your day-to-day life.

Source

FAQs, YKK Europe Limited.

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Why Blackout License Plates Are Taking Over the Road

You may have noticed a black license plate with white lettering while driving around lately. A lot of people have. Blackout plates seem to be showing up more often, whether you’re in traffic, at your school pickup, or parked along a neighborhood street. They don’t look like most plates, so they stand out without being flashy. For many drivers, that’s exactly the appeal.

Blackout plates aren’t only about style, though. They’re connected to how states offer different license plate options and specialty designs. Ahead, this article explains what blackout plates are, where they’re legal, how much they cost, and what goes into getting one.

What Are Blackout Plates?

Blackout plates are a type of specialty license plate with a black background and light-colored lettering. The design is simple and subtle, without the slogans, images, or extra graphics that often appear on many standard plates.

Even with the darker look, blackout plates still meet state visibility and reflectivity requirements, so they’re readable for law enforcement and cameras. The appeal is mostly visual. Many drivers appreciate how blackout license plates complement almost any vehicle color and don’t draw too much attention. In most states, they’re issued the same way as other specialty or personalized plates, whether the numbers are custom or randomly assigned.

Where Are Blackout Plates Legal?

Blackout plates are only legal in states that officially issue them through a Department of Motor Vehicles or a similar agency. Drivers cannot create their own black plates or purchase one online and use it legally, even if it appears convincing.

More states now offer blackout license plates as an optional design, usually through existing specialty plate programs, including Colorado, Iowa, Minnesota, Mississippi, Utah, and more. How they’re handled varies. Some states treat them like any other specialty license plate, while others associate them with state programs or causes. Not every vehicle qualifies, either. Passenger cars are usually included first, and other vehicle types may be added later or excluded entirely.

Since each state controls its plate designs, availability can change. A blackout plate may be offered for one year and limited or paused the next. The best way to check what’s currently allowed is through a state’s official motor vehicle website, where specialty plate options and rules are listed.

How Much Do Blackout Plates Cost?

Blackout plates typically cost more than standard-issue plates, but their price remains within the typical range for specialty designs. Most states charge an upfront fee to issue the plate, along with a recurring annual renewal fee that stacks on top of normal registration costs. For example, in Wisconsin, the plates will cost $15 up front, and then $25 to renew yearly when they become available in 2026.

In some states, part of that extra fee supports transportation funds, environmental programs, or other state-run initiatives. Others simply treat blackout plates as a premium design option with no specific cause attached. You may also incur additional fees if you opt for personalized lettering instead of a randomly assigned number.

While blackout license plates aren’t inexpensive, they cost significantly less than cosmetic vehicle upgrades, such as custom paint or wraps. For many drivers, the plate feels like a minor upgrade that subtly changes the car’s overall appearance.

How To Get Blackout Plates

Blackout plates must be obtained from the state. There’s no legal way to buy one from a third-party site or make your own and use it on the road. Most drivers request them through their state’s DMV website, though some locations still handle applications in person.

Obtaining one typically begins with a brief eligibility check. Standard passenger vehicles typically qualify as long as the plate is available. From there, drivers choose the blackout plate option, pick between standard or personalized numbers, and pay the fees. Some states show available number combinations. Others assign them automatically.

For new vehicle registrations, blackout plates are often available immediately. If a vehicle already has plates, the request usually counts as a specialty plate upgrade or replacement. Processing time varies. Some plates arrive quickly. Others take longer when demand is high.

Blackout plates still have to follow the same rules as any other license plate. They must stay fully visible and readable. Covers, altered characters, or frames that block any part of the plate can cause problems. States do enforce those rules.

Blackout license plates are simple by design, but they reflect a broader shift toward more plate options that still meet state requirements.

SOURCES

• North Dakota Department of Transportation, Motor Vehicle Division. “Blackout Plate.”
• Indiana Bureau of Motor Vehicles. “Blackout License Plate Fact Sheet.”
• Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. “Wisconsin unveils blackout, retro yellow license plates“

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Ducati Recalls Over 1,000 Motorcycles Over Dangerous Wheel Lockup Risk

While motorcycle recalls don’t seem to generate as much attention as car recalls, they can still pose significant safety issues. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) recently announced that certain Ducati motorcycles have an issue with their wheels, resulting in a recall.

If you own one of these bikes, you should first confirm whether or not yours has this problem. If it does, you should use other means of transportation until you’ve been able to take it to a dealership for repair. Gambling on your wheels functioning exactly as intended when there’s a huge risk that they could cause a crash is a bad bet.

Why Are Ducati Bikes Being Recalled?

According to the NHTSA brief, the Ducati motorcycles in question have a problem with their wheels, which prompted the recall. More specifically, “the fuses for the ABS pump and control unit may have been reversed during assembly, which can cause an ABS malfunction and possibly result in wheel lockup.”

Any issue involving wheels needs to be taken seriously. And in this case, wheel lockup is as dangerous as it sounds, if not more so. The NHTSA warns that “front or rear wheel lockup can cause a loss of motorcycle control, increasing the risk of a crash or injury.” If this happens on the highway, you could be in very real danger of dying.

Which Ducati Bikes Have This Problem?

Over 1,000 Ducati bikes are included in this recall. They include the:

• 2025 Panigale V2
• 2025 Ducati Streetfighter V2
• 2026 Ducati Streetfighter V2

If you own one of these motorcycles, keep an eye on your mailbox. Ducati will send out owner letters in late January 2026. If you want to find out sooner than that, you can search your Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) on the NHTSA site as of December 15, 2025.

How Will Ducati Fix This?

Ducati says that “dealers will inspect the fuses and fuse holders, and repair them as necessary, free of charge.” Once the remedy is available, schedule your repair as soon as possible. Motorcycling is already a dangerous activity, as evidenced by higher insurance rates. There’s no reason to risk riding a bike with faulty wheels.

If you have further questions, you can reach Ducati customer service at 1-888-391-5446. Ducati’s number for this recall is SRV-RCL-25-004 and the NHTSA number is 25V838000.

Source

Front or Rear Wheel May Lock Up, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2025.

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Red, Yellow, Green… and White? The New Traffic Signal Color You Need to Know

If you’ve seen talk about a white traffic light or images of a signal with an unfamiliar fourth color, you’re not imagining it. With everything drivers already pay attention to at intersections, hearing about a possible new indication may feel overwhelming. The discussion stems from ongoing research into how traffic signals may evolve as autonomous vehicles become more prevalent, and what these changes could mean for everyday driving.

In this article, you’ll see what that white indication represents, how a future white traffic light could function, and whether it has any place on U.S. roads right now.

How A Future White Traffic Light Would Work For Drivers

Most intersections across the country still follow the standard sequence of red, yellow, and green outlined in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. It remains the foundation for how signals are built today.

Researchers at North Carolina State University have been studying an additional indication that would work in conjunction with the existing three. Instead of appearing at all times, this proposed white signal would activate only when a group of autonomous vehicles reaches an intersection simultaneously. Those vehicles transmit information to the signal controller, and once the system confirms a coordinated movement, the white indication turns on.

During those moments, drivers in regular vehicles would move through the intersection by keeping a steady pace behind the vehicle in front of them. The connected vehicles manage the technical timing within the system, allowing the white phase to guide everyone through in a predictable way.

When autonomous vehicles aren’t present in that coordinated pattern, the signal returns to its usual cycle. Early simulations suggest the concept could support smoother traffic flow, and researchers are also reviewing how the system would interact with pedestrian signals.

Are White Traffic Lights Live In The U.S. Currently?

A white traffic light isn’t part of daily driving in the United States. The current MUTCD only recognizes the standard red, yellow, and green indications for general traffic, and it does not authorize a fourth color.

The concept of a white indication remains a topic of ongoing research. It appears in academic studies and controlled environments, not at public intersections. No transportation agency has approved it, and no city has placed this type of signal into everyday operation. If a trial proceeds, early installations are likely to appear in dedicated testing areas, such as research facilities or campus loops designed for experimentation.

For now, drivers can rely on the rules they already know. The established colors still guide all movement through intersections, and nothing in daily traffic requires interpreting a white indication.

You may occasionally notice white signals in other contexts, but they are separate from the white traffic light proposal. Some transit systems use white indicators exclusively for streetcars or trolleys, giving those operators distinct instructions that don’t interfere with nearby drivers.

Transportation agencies continue improving the internal equipment that powers today’s signals. Modern systems can communicate with emergency vehicles and public transit, which helps adjust timing during specific events. Even with those upgrades, the appearance of the signal remains the same from a driver’s point of view.

So at this point, the familiar red, yellow, and green lights continue to shape every intersection, and the white traffic light remains part of a developing conversation about what intersections may look like in the future.

Sources

• “Researchers Propose a Fourth Light on Traffic Signals for Self-Driving Cars,” North Carolina State University News
• “New Traffic Signal Would Improve Travel Time for Both Pedestrians and Vehicles,” North Carolina State University News
• “Manual On Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD),” Federal Highway Administration
• “A Study Proves Stoplights Need a Fourth Color: White,” Popular Mechanics

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This App Can Tell You How Much Life Your Phone’s Battery Has Left in It

If you use your phone regularly, it’s easy to tell when your once-shiny-and-new device starts to display signs of aging. One of the first things to go is usually the battery — what once seemed to hold a charge for days suddenly needs to be constantly connected to a charging port to stay powered on. And if you’re not tech-savvy, noticing your phone battery slowly decline can be frustrating and confounding.

One positive development is that rising tech standards have compelled smartphone manufacturers to be more transparent about battery health. Here’s a look at why phone batteries slowly decline and a new tool you can use to check your own device’s battery health.

How Phone Battery Health Works

If you think about it, the batteries in modern smartphones are mini miracles. Just 20 years ago, cellphone batteries were bulky bricks that attached to the back of the device and often weighed as much as the phones themselves. Now, they fit unnoticed inside the device, charge incredibly quickly and can power your device for days at a time.

But they’re still not perfect. One of the fatal flaws of modern phone batteries is that they inevitably degrade with every charge. Over time, this slight degradation builds up, resulting in a noticeable difference in the duration of your phone’s charge.

How To Check Your Phone’s Battery Health

Many modern smartphones have a “Battery Health” section buried in their settings. But the information is pretty basic, and it can be hard to know what to do with it. Luckily, a new app from iFixit can help you know exactly when it’s time to repair or replace your phone’s battery.

The new iFixit app contains all kinds of information on home repairs, but one of its primary functions is monitoring and predicting your phone’s battery health. The app provides a comprehensive snapshot of your battery capacity compared to its full potential. Then, it charts out the degradation of your battery and predicts when you will need to replace your device or repair the battery.

“This beta feature is a work in progress because every phone reports its battery data a little differently,” says iFixit founder Kyle Wiens. “But we’ve been able to pull together something that is useful in most situations.”

The iFixit app is currently available on the Apple App Store and the Google Play Store.

How to help your phone’s battery capacity

Even though battery degradation is impossible to stop entirely, there are a few simple ways to maximize your phone’s battery health:

• Lower your phone screen’s brightness
• Use Wi-Fi over cellular data
• Avoid leaving your phone in high-temperature locations
• Avoid fully draining your battery and aim to keep it between 20% and 80% charged

Sources

iFixit “The iFixit App Is Here” 2025

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1-800-Flowers Bloom of the Year 2026 Will Be the Star of Your Next Centerpiece

2025 is rapidly coming to a close, and that means that many brands are rolling out their selections for the year ahead. While you may be familiar with Pantone and Behr’s colors of the year, did you know that there’s also a flower of the year? 1-800-Flowers just announced their picks for the flower and plant of 2026, and their selections could be spectacular additions to your garden next year.

How Did 1-800-Flowers Make Its Selections?

1-800-Flowers considered several factors when making their flower and plant of the year selections including “consumer purchasing trends and engagement data, floral and interior design trend forecasts, cultural symbolism and relevance, and versatility across gifting occasions and design applications,” according to their announcement.

2026 Flower of the Year

1-800-Flowers flowr of the year is delphinium. According to the company’s press release announcing the pick, “delphinium…symbolizes hope, elevation, and the steady movement toward brighter days. Its vertical form naturally draws the eye upward, mirroring a collective desire for growth, clarity, and renewed optimism. The flower’s architectural presence brings both softness and stature to arrangements, creating visual lift while evoking serenity and purpose.”

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Cerulean Dreams

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The company says that “delphinium aligns with emerging trends as blues and cool-toned florals experience a resurgence as part of the ‘calm luxury’ movement.” If you’re looking to purchase an arrangement that contains it, “designers are increasingly showcasing the flower’s potential…using it to create vertical flow in airy, sculptural compositions.”

2026 Plant of the Year

The company’s pick doesn’t stop at blooms. They’ve also announced a Plant of the Year: the Money Tree. According to the announcement, “the Money Tree…has deep roots in East Asian cultural traditions as a symbol of luck, prosperity, and harmony.” The article continues, saying “in feng shui, it’s believed to attract positive energy, while its five-lobed leaves represent the five elements of balance. The braided trunk design showcases how individual strength becomes more powerful when woven together.”

Source

1-800-Flowers.com Announces 2026 Flower and Plant of the Year: Delphinium and Money Tree, 1-800-Flowers.com, 2025.

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Here’s Why Animals Keep Eating Your Holiday Decorations

For decades, my family has decorated the blue spruce in our yard with holiday lights. Our neighbors have often told us how much they appreciate the tradition. But for the last three years, someone has been sabotaging that cheer.

It’s no big mystery. It’s the resident squirrels. Now, every time we hang a new strand, the little grinches promptly chew off the bulbs.

That prompted us to ask, why do squirrels and other animals eat, steal or otherwise deface holiday decorations? A few prominent wildlife experts gave us some answers, plus offered a few tips on how to prevent a bit of that mischief.

What Decorations Attract Animals?

All sorts of holiday decorations can pique the attention of wildlife, especially shiny tinsels, dangling ornaments, inflatables with internal fans and, of course, strings of lights. While we can’t know for sure what’s going on in their minds, veterinarian Iryna Smyrnova believes these items evoke curiosity and predatory instincts.

“Scented, edible decorations, or those located near food sources, such as bird feeders, are the most inviting,” she says.

Which Animals Are Usually the Culprits?

Squirrels and raccoons are common offenders. They are adventurous, smart and skilled, and always looking for their next treat, says Smyrnova. Deer also tend to sneak nibbles on the greens of wreaths and garlands.

Other animals are less intentional with their decoration destruction. For example, it’s common for moose, deer and birds can get caught up in low-hanging lights and other decor.

Why do squirrels chew on holiday lights?

“While it may feel like squirrels have a personal vendetta against holiday cheer, the real explanation is simple and rooted in their natural behavior,” says wildlife expert Peter Gros.

The Need to Gnaw

Squirrels, like all rodents, have incisors that grow throughout their lives. As such, chewing on things like branches helps keep them filed down. “For them, a string of lights is like another branch,” says Gros. “They may even mistake the wires fro twigs and other natural items.”

Natural Curiosity

Holiday lights bring new colors and textures, which squirrels are drawn to investigate. In winter, they’re also busy collecting, hoarding and burying their cache, so “Their foraging behavior during this time of year may inevitably increase their encounters with your holiday decorations,” says Gros.

Perception of Food

Some people speculate that squirrels mistake holiday bulbs for nuts and other food sources, but that’s unlikely the case, says naturalist David Mizejewski, “mostly because they don’t smell like those food items.”

Another theory is that because eco-friendly electrical insulation contains soy and other plant oils, that makes it attractive to squirrels (there’s similar theory for why chipmunks and mice chew car wires). But scientific evidence for this is sparse and mixed, making it a less likely motive.

Light Pollution

Finally, it is possible that having lights on all night could annoy wildlife, or at least make them more active, causing them to come in contact with lights more frequently, but we couldn’t find any scientific studies to prove or disprove this theory.

Strategies to Stop Animals From Ruining Decorations

For lights and other decorations, try coating them with a mist of a strong or bitter scent, like apple cider vinegar or hot pepper spray. “It may be enough to deter them,” says Gros. “Wildlife learn quickly when something tastes or smells unpleasant.”

However, it’s likely that won’t be a lasting fix. Sprays need to be reapplied regularly, plus “very determined squirrels tend to ignore them after a while,” says Smyrnova.

Other strategies:

• Switch to rope lights, or put the wires in safety tubes.
• Place decorations out of reach, far from trees, railings and fences.
• Prune back tree branches, so they’re 15 feet from the house, or wherever lights are hung.
• Remove other elements that attract wildlife to your home, like bird feeders, accessible trash cans and pet food.
• Install motion-activated lights on larger decorations, like those that might be a draw to deer.

Squirrels: Little Scrooges or Backyard Buddies?

Even if squirrels aren’t eating your lights, chances are they’ve caused some frustration, thanks to their penchant for emptying bird feeders and leaving caches of pine cones in the attic. In our case, rather than start a battle, we decided to simply let them be. In the end, we decided we like having mischievous squirrels around more than we were attached to our holiday lights.

“Squirrels are amazing creatures,” says Mizejewski. “We tend to take them for granted because they are common, but they are one of the few wild animals that we get to see and enjoy every day, and that’s something special.”

Of course, all creatures also play important roles in the ecosystem. For squirrels, that often includes dispersing seeds and stabilizing the food web, since they’re prey for hawks, foxes and other equally cool wildlife.

One Final Mystery

A piece of our squirrel saga that we still don’t understand is why the squirrels ignored the lights for decades, then suddenly started gnawing on them three years ago. Smyrnova theorizes it could signify an increase in squirrel population, which has raised competition and subsequent stress behaviors.

But, there don’t seem to be more squirrels. So perhaps, it has to do with her secondary theory: “It might be a new generation that has adopted the habit from one very stubborn individual,” she says. “The behavioral trait, once learned and reinforced, could be very fast in spreading among the neighboring squirrels.”

About the Experts

• Peter Gros is a veteran wildlife expert and co-host at Mutual of Omaha’s Wild Kingdom Protecting the Wild.
• David Mizejewski is a naturalist with the National Wildlife Federation and author of Attracting Birds, Butterflies and Other Backyard Wildlife.
• Iryna Smyrnova, DVM, is a veterinarian at Meowoff, and has more than 20 years of experience working with animals of all kinds.

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